Proper Fraction

Topic

Fractions

Definition

A proper fraction is a type of fraction where the numerator is less than the denominator.

Description

In the realm of fractions, a proper fraction is one of the fundamental types. It is characterized by a numerator that is smaller than its denominator. For example, in the fraction 3/4, the numerator (3) is less than the denominator (4), making it a proper fraction. Proper fractions are essential in understanding the concept of parts of a whole, as they always represent a value less than one.

Proper fractions are significant in various mathematical operations and real-life applications. They are often used in measurements, cooking, and dividing resources. For instance, if you cut a pizza into 8 slices and eat 3 slices, you have consumed 3/8 of the pizza, a proper fraction. Understanding proper fractions is crucial for students as it lays the groundwork for more complex mathematical concepts such as improper fractions, mixed numbers, and operations involving fractions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Moreover, proper fractions help in developing a strong number sense and understanding of proportionality. They are also foundational in learning about equivalent fractions, simplifying fractions, and comparing the sizes of different fractions. Mastery of proper fractions is vital for success in higher-level math courses, including algebra and calculus, as well as in everyday problem-solving and decision-making.

For a complete collection of terms related to fractions click on this link: Fractions Collection.

What Are Fractions?

Fractions are numbers. Even though they represents parts of a larger whole, they are still numbers, just like any other number.

You're accustomed to counting by whole numbers, but you can also count by fractional amounts. In fact, you have been probably been counting by fractions without even realizing it. Here are just two examples.

A fraction has two main parts, the numerator and the denominator. Each is a whole number (or an integer) and the denominator cannot be zero. 

On a number line, fractions are found between whole number values. Take a look at this number line and you'll see some fractional values.

From your experience with whole numbers, you know that you can skip-count by numbers greater than 1. You can also skip-count by fractions. Take a look at this example, which shows how to skip-count by 1/2.

From your work with skip-counting, each count increases by the same amount. When skip-counting by fractions, each fractional step is the same value. For now let's focus on fractions between 0 and 1, specifically fourths.

You can see how each of the fourths is equally spaced from 0 to 1. Notice that each fraction has the same denominator. Also, the numerators increase in value by 1.

Notice the first fraction, 1/4. When a fraction has a 1 in the numerator, it is called a unit fraction. You can skip-count by this unit fraction from 0 to 1.

Counting by a unit fraction shows that all the fractions that share that denominator are equally spaced from 0 to 1. Do you see that?

Here is the same idea, now shown with 1/3.

We generalize this idea to any unit fraction 1/b.

Area Models for Fractions

Another way to represent fractions involves an area models. Here are two examples of such models.

Area models for fractions have certain properties. The area is broken up into smaller sections of equal size. If the sections are not the same size, then it cannot be used to model fractions.

When the area model has equal-sized sections, then the total number of those sections represents the denominator of any fractions it models. With an area model, the shaded region represents the numerator of the fraction. See below.

Fraction models can also be used to represent real things. Pizzas sliced into equal slices are a good representation of fractions. See below.

Equivalent Fractions

When two fractions represent the same amount of area, then the fractions are called equivalent fractions. Here are two pizzas sliced into fourths and eighths. Each set of slices represent the same area but two different fractions. However, since they have the same area, then the fractions are equivalent.

Equivalent fractions have the same location on a number line. From the previous example you saw that 2/4  and 4/8 are equivalent fractions. Below you can see that those same fractions have identical locations on a number line.

There are several ways of generating equivalent fractions. For area models make sure the two fractions have the same area and make sure the sub sections are of equal size. Here is an example.

You can generate equivalent fractions numerically by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same number. Here are fractions equivalent to 1/2.

Any fraction can generate equivalent fractions. In fact, an infinite number of equivalent fractions can be generated.

Simplifying Fractions

Working backward from the process of generating equivalent fractions, you can use the idea to simplify a fraction. Here's how it works. We start with the fraction 4/20. You can rewrite with a common factor of 4 on both the numerator and denominator, which divides out, leaving the fraction in simplest form, 1/5.

A fraction in simplest form has no more common factors (other than 1) in both the numerator and denominator. 

Common Denominators

When two fractions have the same denominator, we describe that as having a common denominator. For example, 1/4 and 3/4 have a common denominator of 4.

Finding the common denominator for two fractions is very useful if you're comparing the fractions or adding and subtracting them. Using the technique of generating equivalent fractions is very useful for finding a common denominator. Here is an example.

So, if you were comparing or adding 1/5 and 1/3, finding the common denominator makes either task much easier.